Conclusion
Logic and Metalogic

This first article presented an introduction to logic in general and to metalogics, with necessary reminders of linguistics and the different types of reasoning. Fundamental reasoning is based on deductive inference, and the notion of truth has long been considered bivalent (true or false). The main classical approaches (i.e. propositional logic and predicate logic [AF 89] ) were essentially designed to address the formalization of language and mathematical reasoning, leaving philosophy in the background. Non-classical logics are covered in