Icing, ice type and anti-icing protection
Aircraft icing, physical modeling and numerical simulation

Icing conditions result from the simultaneous existence of a negative temperature and water droplets in liquid form (cloud, fog). Given their small size (10 to 40 μm), these drops remain liquid even though the temperature can reach – 40°C.

Typically, an aircraft may encounter icing conditions at altitudes of between 900 and 5,800 meters (3,000 and 19,000 feet) and at temperatures of between 0 and – 20°C (figure 1 ).