Liquid origin

Sintering: physico-chemical aspects - Part 2: Liquid phase sintering

Figure 1 - Ti-C phase diagram [1]

Figure 2 - SrTiO3-TiO2 phase diagram [2]

Figure 3 - Phase diagram CaAl2Si2O8-SiO2[2]

Figure 4 - Triple seals within a BaTiO3 ceramic sintered at 925°C in the presence of 2% LiF by mass.

Figure 7 - Representation of a liquid meniscus formed at the contact between two grains

Figure 8 - Schematic representation of possible microstructures after grain rearrangement due to capillary forces

Figure 9 - Schematic representation of the chemical transfers taking place after the rearrangement step in a liquid bridge between two grains.

Figure 10 - Schematic representation of the situation of two adjacent grains during densification by dissolution-precipitation.

Figure 11 - Viscosity of soda-lime-silica glass as a function of temperature

Figure 12 - Morphological evolution of two glass cylinders (r &#61; 1.5 mm) during sintering at 950°C [10]

Figure 13 - Influence of liquid volume fraction on the contribution of rearrangement to the volume shrinkage of a quasi-compact stack of spherical monomodal grains (monomodal distribution)

Figure 14 - Definition of the dihedral angle at the contact between the liquid and a grain boundary

Figure 15 - Influence of the solid/liquid contact angle (dihedral angle) on liquid localization in ceramics

Figure 16 - Multiple seal in a varistor based on sintered zinc oxide in the presence of bismuth, cobalt, chromium and nickel oxides

Figure 17 - Grain boundaries within a SrTiO3 ceramic sintered in the presence of Bi2O3

Figure 18 - Evolution, with disorientation angle , of the ratio between the energy of a bending joint (110) and the solid/gas interfacial energy of NiO at 1,520°C [14]

Figure 19 - Example of complete dissolution of the liquid phase in the grains during isothermal sintering; case of a SnO2 ceramic sintered at 1,150°C in the presence of 1% CuO

Figure 20 - Evolution, during sintering, of the microstructure of YBa2Cu3O7– ceramics obtained from a mixture of Y2BaCuO5 , BaCuO2 and CuO [16]

Figure 21 - Schematic representation of the respective contributions of the three main stages of liquid phase sintering