5. Examples of industrial applications

5.1 Liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase equilibria

Many applications in the chemical industry involve liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid equilibria in the presence of electrolytes. The vast majority of these applications involve aqueous solutions and/or solvent mixtures containing water, in equilibrium with a vapor or organic phase. The assumption made when determining liquid-vapor and liquid-liquid phase equilibria is that the ions are only present in the aqueous solution. This assumption is realistic in conditions far from a critical point. The conditions of equilibrium are then the equality of chemical potentials (or fugacities) of molecular species between phases.