4. Material characterization

Characterization and modeling (part sizing) are closely linked. It is from the analysis of phenomena occurring during use that the characteristics to be measured are determined.

Characterization and therefore sizing are fraught with difficulties.

• Phenolic materials, whether for ablative and/or insulating use, are composites: as such, they are distinguished from other materials by their anisotropy. The preferred directions of the molded composite according to the arrangements of the fibrous reinforcements are imperatively marked (mark 1, 2 and 3) and remain attached to the composite (figure 3 a).