2. Thermomechanical analysis

2.1 General

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2.1.1 Principle

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a group of characterization methods used to measure dimensional variations in a sample under static stress. Variations in length or volume are recorded as a function of temperature, and the corresponding stress is either elongational or hydrostatic.

For volume measurements, the sample is placed in a liquid with a known coefficient of expansion. A piston is used to adjust the pressure and detect displacements. For low stresses,...