1. General

1.1 Process overview

• The various thermoforming processes are described in the Techniques de l'Ingénieur article [38] . Here, we recall the successive stages of the most classic process (figure 1 ):

  • Solid-state heating of the foil (usually by an infrared device).

  • Position the sheet on the mold cavity.

  • Production of the part by vacuum and possible assistance of a piston.

  • Cooling and ejection.

• ...