5. Modelling "semi-rigid" shocks

Semi-rigid" impacts can only be modelled effectively using numerical methods that take into account the deformability of both the projectile and the target, each of which has its own deformation kinetics. The software and numerical calculation techniques described above are particularly well-suited to this type of impact, as illustrated in figure 25 .

A particular feature of this type of impact is the management of interfaces, and in particular contact surfaces that vary over time, often three-dimensional unlike an impact on a rigid surface.

Various formulations are available...