4. Formulations

4.1 Different presentations

Active ingredients are commercially available in a variety of forms. These presentations are called "formulations". The operations involved in bringing an active substance to these commercial forms are also known as formulation.

An acid, for example, may be presented in ester or salt form. The substance is rarely delivered chemically pure; it is combined with diluents or solvents, in which case its concentration must be chosen. It is also combined with additives (e.g. colorants) and adjuvants designed to optimize its pharmacological activity and reduce the risks of contact, inhalation and absorption during handling. Decide on a physical form (powder, granules, suspension, emulsion, solution, aerosol) and packaging. Packaging must...