4. Sizing dry process furnaces

Figure 1 - The five main operations carried out in the baking shop

Figure 2 - Wet process (WL)

Figure 4 - Kiln shops: average relationship between production and kiln interior volume for the three processes [WL; DG-N; DS-X].

Figure 5 - Kiln rooms: average relationship between production and thermal load for wet and dry processes [WL; DS-4] and for the dry kiln with precalcining (DS-4-PC) using tertiary air

Figure 6 - Semi-dry process (Lepol; DG-N)

Figure 7 - Granulator

Figure 8 - Lepol grid

Figure 9 - Dry process (DS-X)

Figure 10 - Dry process furnaces (DS-4): relationship between heat consumption and production

Figure 11 - 4-stage cyclone preheater

Figure 12 - Cyclone exchangers: different arrangements

Figure 13 - Cyclone: diagram

Figure 14 - Precalcination: schematic diagram

Figure 15 - DSX-PC dry process

Figure 16 - Material and gas temperature profiles

Figure 17 - Heat-temperature diagram

Figure 18 - Dry kiln with precalcining without tertiary air

Figure 19 - Excess air at the heating hood as a function of the precalcination rate

Figure 20 - Flame temperature as a function of excess air

Figure 21 - Main components of a dry kiln with precalcining and tertiary air: general principle

Figure 22 - Influence of fuel quality on flue gas temperature at exchanger outlet [Polysius diagram].

Figure 23 - Retention time [IHI diagram].

Figure 24 - RSP System [Onoda]

Figure 25 - NSF (New Suspension Furnace) [IHI] system

Figure 26 - Pyroclon RP-low NOx [KHD] system: two versions

Figure 27 - Pyroclon R system combined with a Pyrorapid furnace [KHD]; evolution of solids weight

Figure 28 - Prepol AT (Air Through) system [Polysius] [Polysius

Figure 29 - Prepol AS (Air Separate) system [Polysius] [Polysius

Figure 30 - Prepol AS-CC [Polysius] system

Figure 31 - Prepol AS-MSC [Polysius] system

Figure 32 - SLC-S [FL Smidth] system

Figure 33 - MFC system, carry-over type [Mitsubishi].

Figure 34 - Prerov Precalciner

Figure 35 - Evaluation of decarbonation rate at furnace inlet

Figure 36 - NOx reduction with Minox [CLE].

Figure 37 - Volatile element cycles

Figure 38 - Dissociation pressure of CO3Ca

Figure 39 - Dissociation time as a function of temperature and partial pressure of CO2

Figure 40 - Coal combustion time as a function of particle diameter

Figure 41 - Burning time of coal particles as a function of oxygen content

Figure 42 - Furnace output as a function of fill rate and furnace shell diameter

Figure 43 - Furnace output as a function of furnace shell diameter [after Schlegel].

Figure 44 - Furnace output as a function of furnace shell diameter (statistical basis)