1. Percolation concept

Percolation is an important concept in many fields of science, including physics, mathematics and materials science. Percolation theory was originally developed in the 1950s to study the statistical properties of random networks. Its origins lie in the work of Flory on polymerization and that of Broadbent and Hammersley on stochastic processes (table 1 ). In the 1970s, percolation theory made significant advances with the exploration of phase transitions and critical percolation. Percolation became a central topic in statistical physics, illustrating universal critical phenomena.