1. Drawing errors

1.1 Vacuum thrusts

This is a fairly widespread error that can be observed, for example, at the corner of 2 walls of a buried structure.

Any tensioned curved reinforcement exerts a thrust F/R on the concrete in its plane and towards its concavity (F: tensile force – R: radius of curvature). The steel therefore tends to push the concrete towards the center of the concavity. Such an arrangement should therefore be avoided (figure 1 a).

Simply creating a gusset plate will not improve the situation. Anchoring along a wall using a square return is also not recommended, as the tension...