3. Hardness testing
3.1 Historical interest
They are used to classify materials according to their resistance to deformation by penetration with a harder material.
The first hardness scale was established arbitrarily by Mohs in 1820, for use by mineralogists. It comprises a list of 10 minerals ranked in order of increasing hardness, from talc "1" to diamond "10" to quartz "7", each crossing out the previous one and being crossed out by the next.
This scale is of no interest to the metallurgist. The hardest steel (quenched high-speed steel) would rank at around 8.5, while extra-hard steel would rank at around 3.5.
The experimental difficulties are great, and the precision relatively low. The...
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Hardness testing
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