3. Noise in linear circuits
3.1 Noise representations
3.1.1 Conductance / equivalent noise resistance
Thermal noise (§ 2.1) is ubiquitous white noise. It is the minimum component noise, and therefore naturally serves as a reference. It can be reduced by cooling the equipment, as is done in scientific experiments approaching absolute zero.
To describe a noise source in the Norton representation (figure
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Noise in linear circuits
Noise in non-linear circuits
Bibliography
Standards and norms
ITU-R SM 329.7
defines "out-of-band" emissions, i.e. outside the band used, but within the total band allocated.
CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01 "spurious emissions
defines – 30 dBm per 1 GHz band
EN 301 390
specifies point-multipoint equipment, etc.
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Software tools
Microwave circuits
AppCAD : http://www.hp.woodshot.com/
Friis formula
http://www.emtalk.com/tools/noise-figure-calculator.php
Non-linear simulation
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