1. Context

The aim of cryptography is to protect communications transmitted over a public channel against various types of adversary. Information protection is defined in terms of confidentiality, integrity and authentication.

Confidentiality guarantees that the data transmitted will not be disclosed to a third party.

Integrity ensures that this data has not been modified between transmission and reception.

Finally, message authentication ensures that messages come from the right entity, and person authentication, also known as identification, guarantees that an entity seeking to identify itself to a computer system is who it claims to be.

Traditionally, a distinction is made between symmetrical and asymmetrical systems. In conventional cryptography, also known as symmetrical (or secret-key) cryptography,...