2. TLS: a basic service for LDAP

TLS ([3], [44]) is a network security protocol that offers authentication and confidentiality features.

The successor to the SSL protocol [4], TLS is compatible with it. For linguistic reasons, the term SSL is often used instead of TLS.

The TLS protocol is widely used in LDAP directories. In fact, TLS uses both asymmetric cryptography (and, consequently, certificates (see § 2.1 )) to ensure the authentication phase (§