7. Countermeasures to physical attacks on auxiliary channels (by analysis or fault injection)

As we saw earlier, the hardware parts of embedded systems are threatened by physical attacks exploiting numerous auxiliary channels (power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, photonic emission, etc.). Providing protection, or in other words countermeasures, is a tricky business when it comes to meeting both design constraints (power and energy consumption, computing performance, throughput, surface area, etc.) and security constraints (no information leakage, fault tolerance, etc.). To achieve this, it is necessary to follow a defense-in-depth methodology as presented in section 4.2