5. Conclusion

Until 2015, luminous efficiency records were broken every six months. Since then, there seems to have been a slowdown and a certain stagnation. Nevertheless, the theoretical physics of LEDs still promise plenty of room for manoeuvre, and it would not be absurd to assume that they will continue to progress.

The complexity and modular structure of LED devices open up multiple avenues for improvement outside the confines of the chip and its quantum efficiency, with ballast electronics and efficiency, improved heat dissipation or optics and light extraction.

Robustness and reliability are also major areas of research, affecting all LED device modules, but if this aspect develops and finds technological solutions at laboratory level, the market and the finished and marketed products will be subject to multiple non-technological criteria, notably...