3. Conclusion

The laser diode market is constantly growing, driven in particular by the digital sector, LiDAR applications, and undoubtedly by the future development of quantum technologies. Among the technological challenges, scaling up power remains a major issue. Indeed, increasing optical power without compromising reliability or beam quality requires better thermal management, as well as precise control of the nonlinear effects that arise at high intensities. Beam coherence and quality are also critical, particularly for metrology and medical applications. Laser diodes still have a beam quality inferior to that of gas or solid-state lasers, which limits certain high-precision applications. The expansion into new wavelengths also poses significant material challenges, particularly in the deep ultraviolet, where suitable semiconductors are difficult to manufacture with sufficient crystalline quality....