1. General

1.1 Various aspects of shaping metallurgy

• Metallurgy problems in forming involve four different scales of observation:

  • The macroscopic scale (from fractions of a millimeter to several meters) is that of the entire piece of metal, or at least an element of its volume large enough to be considered homogeneous. This is the field of mechanical metallurgy, which covers all mechanical laboratory tests [22][23] used to study the macroscopic behavior of materials, and in particular to establish empirical behavior laws. The observation instruments associated with this...