3. Permanent molds

This term covers all metal tools used for direct molding of parts (figures 9 and 10 ).

These are mainly gravity dies, low-pressure and pressure dies for non-ferrous metals (Al, Mg, Zamak...), dies for casting castings, and dies (monobloc or in 2 half-parts) for centrifuging. These are generally complex tools, often highly automated, very costly, and only suitable for large-scale production.