2. Laminating defects: what to model and why?

2.1 Main categories

The three orders of geometric, microstructural and surface imperatives correspond to three families of problems or defects.

• Geometric defects (figure 3 ) (out-of-tolerance products)

  Metal flow is never totally confined, as this would cause the tools to suffer too much. This leads to "competition" between different types of flow, such as spreading, which competes with product elongation (figure 3 a, 3 b)....