3. Optimizing microstructures and properties by applying magnetic fields

A great deal of recent experimental and theoretical work, carried out on various types of structural and functional materials, has investigated the application of magnetic fields during the various stages of material development. The application of a magnetic field has demonstrated great potential and a unique advantage as a "non-contact treatment" for microstructure and property control, irreplaceable by any other existing treatment process. The control of material solidification, growth and texture under magnetic field conditions was found to be applicable to all metallic materials, whether ferromagnetic or not. Solidification and grain growth, which are controlled by grain boundary migration, are strongly affected by magnetic field application. Phase changes and subsequent thermomechanical treatments can also be controlled by magnetic field engineering. A high static magnetic field can...