6. Industrial applications

In the 1980-1990 period, the properties of vermicular cast irons were studied, but without any significant industrial production.

In the period 1990-2000, for land transport engines – passenger cars, commercial vehicles, trucks, buses and coaches – (the preferred area of use for these cast irons), industrial applications got off to a slow start, in conjunction with a delicate manufacturing process that had to be mastered.

The period 2000-2010 has seen a significant but steadily growing number of applications, demonstrating that reliable mass production of vermicular castings is entirely feasible on an industrial scale.

For land transport, the higher utilization characteristics of vermicular graphite cast iron compared with those...