12. Chemical characteristics and analysis

Figure 1 - Volume reduction of a paraffinic mineral oil with viscosity equal to 55 mm 2/ s at 40°C under adiabatic compression for different initial oil temperatures

Figure 2 - Compressibility of paraffinic mineral oils (conventional hydraulic fluids) as a function of air content (after Affouard, 1963)

Figure 3 - Newtonian flow in an oil film

Figure 4 - Dynamic Couette viscometer: principle

Figure 5 - Different models of viscometer tubes

Figure 6 - Viscosity-temperature variation of mineral and synthetic base oils of the same ISO viscosity grade VG 68

Figure 7 - Viscosity-temperature variation on ASTM chart

Figure 8 - Viscosity index (VI) definition

Figure 9 - Groff&#039;s viscosity-temperature abacus (ed. Technip, Paris 1994)

Figure 10 - Assessment of shear strength on Orbahn machines

Figure 11 - Variation in viscosity/deformation rate of a non-Newtonian fluid (example of ISO - L - HV46 hydraulic fluid)

Figure 12 - HTHS Ravenfield viscometer diagram

Figure 13 - Viscosity/pressure relationship for ISO VG 22 to 100 paraffinic mineral-based oils in two fields of application as a function of oil temperature

Figure 14 - Schematic diagram of the CCS viscometer

Figure 15 - Schematic diagram of MRV

Figure 16 - Deaeration characteristics of paraffinic mineral oils at 50°C

Figure 17 - Typical oxidation curves for mineral-based oils

Figure 18 - Regular and jerky rubbing

Figure 19 - Specimen geometry for wear and load capacity testing machines

Figure 20 - FZG machine operating principle

Figure 21 - Conradson carbon residue apparatus (according to NF T 60 – 116)

Figure 22 - Grease Penetrometer

Figure 23 - Apparatus for determining the dropping point of greases

Figure 24 - Grease mixer