5. Texturing processes for biomimetic surfaces

The processes most commonly used to recreate textured or topographically controlled surfaces fall into two main categories:

• bio-replicated forming processes: thermal embossing (inspired by microelectronics), nanoimprint photolithography, casting in molds, etc. ;

• laser processes for textured surfaces: Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS), laser ablation, etc.

A third possible route involves grafting appropriate molecules (often silanes or fluorides) onto surfaces to render them hydrophobic or even superhydrophobic, simply by immersion. These processes can also be hybrid or combine the various processes.