2. Synthesis and shaping of ferroelectric materials

2.1 Ceramics for multilayer capacitors

Capacitors are used in all areas of electronics, performing a variety of functions: power supply, signal transfer and processing (filtering function), compensation for the temperature effects of another circuit component, frequency tuning, and information storage. The choice of capacitor type depends on the intended application, and must take into account the capacitance value and operating conditions: temperature, frequency, bias voltage, ageing, etc. The choice of dielectric material for the capacitor depends on various characteristics: dielectric permittivity and losses, insulation resistance (which reflects the imperfection of the dielectric material in terms of leakage currents), ESR (equivalent series resistance, which represents the sum...