2. Synthesis and characterization techniques

MOF synthesis generally involves mixing metal salts and organic ligands in water and/or organic solvents, with or without additives (bases, acids, reaction promoters or inhibitors, etc.). There are two main types of synthesis: reactor-based and flow-through. The most common are carried out in a reactor, but in order to reduce manufacturing costs, the use of a continuous flow is of increasing interest to maximize space-time efficiency. It should be noted that the solids thus obtained generally require one or more washing or calcination steps, in order to remove unreacted precursors, which can sometimes become trapped inside the pores (figure 5 ).