5. Conclusion

For several decades now, cities have been developing public transport networks structured around buses, streetcars and metros. In recent years, these modes of transport have been progressively supplemented by a host of new solutions, some completely new, others the result of a hybridization of existing solutions, and still others historic but updated. As a result, citizens now have access to an extraordinary range of solutions to help them avoid taking their own car, alone at the wheel.

It goes without saying that digital technology has accelerated the pace of this multitude, by facilitating access to offers. Thanks to geolocation, the democratization of the smartphone and all the possibilities it offers: locating, accessing information, unlocking, booking, paying... It triggers new practices and habits, and makes multimodality ever easier. This is a worldwide phenomenon,...