5. Conclusion

When a vehicle is in use, whatever its shape, it emits GHGs and pollutants.

On the one hand, reducing GHG emissions is a key factor in limiting the impact of global warming. There are two main ways of reducing the carbon footprint associated with vehicle travel: the use of biofuels instead of fossil fuels, and the electrification of vehicles, from hybridization to complete electrification of the powertrain.

On the other hand, reducing pollutant emissions from road transport is an important factor in improving air quality, especially in cities with heavy traffic. A direct response to this challenge is the introduction of ZFE-m zones to ban the most polluting vehicles, i.e. those with the oldest Euro standards and the highest Crit'Air categories, from certain urban perimeters. In addition, the timetable for future restrictions should restrict...