3. Principles of bioindication/biomonitoring methods
The similarity of terms used for instrumental chemical analyses (qualitative and quantitative measurements) and the field of bioindication (as a qualitative approach to pollution control) and biomonitoring (as a quantitative approach) calls for a well-argued comparison of the two techniques.
3.1 Instruments and bioindicators
The technical details of instrumental analysis are illustrated in figure 4 , which shows typical procedures for measuring chemical substances, enzyme activity or other relevant ecosystem parameters, based on spectrometry...
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