2. Thermomechanical analysis

2.1 Principle

Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a group of characterization methods used to measure dimensional variations in a sample under static stress. Variations in length or volume are recorded as a function of temperature, and the corresponding stress is either elongation or hydrostatic pressure.

Most commercial devices use a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) displacement measurement system, where variations in the induction of a coil are detected [18] . Elongation measurements can also be carried out by optical devices [19] . Calibration and connection elements are made with a low expansion coefficient element...