3. Conclusion

As we have seen, the 3-omega method is an extremely versatile technique for measuring thermal conductivity. It can be used to characterize solids of different geometries (solids, thin films, multilayers, membranes, nanowires, ribbons, etc.), liquids, gases and soft tissues, by adapting thermal models. Its use for characterizing solid materials remains limited (mainly at low temperatures) and is explained by the complexity of sample set-up compared with other transient characterization techniques. The development of free-standing sensors could provide a solution to this problem. However, it remains essential for the characterization of low-dimensional systems (thin films, multilayers, membranes), enabling the characterization of thermal conductivity perpendicular or parallel to the plane, and rivals stationary techniques for the characterization of nanowire thermal conductivity. In addition,...