6. Tunnel-effect sensors

Figure 1 - Ultrasonic distance measurement principle

Figure 2 - Schematic diagram of the magneto-acoustic transducer for contactless ultrasound generation and detection

Figure 3 - Diagram of a transducer used to orientate the ultrasound beam on emission

Figure 4 - Diagram of how an ultrasonic wave is received by a cell array from a reflection point on the object being analyzed.

Figure 5 - Diagram of a pneumatic comparator using a reference pressure column

Figure 6 - Diagram of a pneumatic comparator using a differential measurement method

Figure 7 - Diagram of an example of a pneumatic comparator with an electrical output

Figure 8 - Assembling sensitive elements to form measuring instruments (source Etamic)

Figure 9 - Schematic diagram of a microwave distance measurement system

Figure 10 - Schematics of radiographic or radiometric measuring systems

Figure 11 - Radiography with magnification

Figure 12 - Diagram of a contrast enhancement method for a measurement plane orthogonal to the X-ray emission direction

Figure 13 - Measure the cross-section of a workpiece by rotating it synchronously with the recording film (measurements taken in a plane passing through the radiation source).

Figure 14 - Measuring a coating using backscattered radiation

Figure 15 - Backscattered radiation as a function of the thickness of gold deposited on a thick copper substrate

Figure 16 - Diagram of two scintigraphy measurement heads

Figure 17 - Different combinations of source and detector shapes for measuring levels in tanks with ionizing radiation

Figure 18 - Diagram of an atomic force measurement system

Figure 19 - Tunnel effect: describing electron energy levels

Figure 20 - Tunneling measurement system diagram