5. Application to an example of a calibration line

The example chosen to illustrate a nonlinear measurement model is the estimation of the parameters of a calibration line when the measurements are subject to uncertainties, with or without taking covariances into account. This example is formulated as an inverse problem, also known as a variable-error model.

This model is typically estimated using least-squares methods (for example, weighted total least squares to account for the covariance structure of the data)