4. Compensatory actions; hardening

4.1 General

Generally speaking, there is no single technique universally used for hardening electronics.

Despite the experience originally gained in the military field (the first field historically to be concerned), hardening is always a case-by-case affair, and one must rather speak of means adapted to each application, even if there are basic approaches. Possible and foreseeable compensations for analog applications are not necessarily of interest in exclusively logical or digital fields, and vice versa.

The design of a hardened function is based on successive approaches:

• precise definition of electronics performance ;

• establishing failure criteria (a very...