4. Conclusions

Compared with soils, coastal marine ecosystems are more dynamic systems, and more difficult to understand due to their spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Bioremediation strategies (biostimulation, bioaugmentation) are therefore more complicated and costly to implement. Under ex situ conditions, various approaches, such as the addition of nutrients and/or (bio)surfactants, electrostimulation, the addition of terminal electron acceptors or even fumarate, which is often involved in the initial HC activation stage under anoxic conditions, the addition of strain(s) or a hydrocarbonoclast consortium, have shown their effectiveness in mitigating the pollution of water, sediment and waste contaminated with HC. However, their use and effectiveness in situ is more questionable. It will very much depend on the nature of the oil spilled (e.g., heavy or light; composition in HC, resins, asphaltenes...