8. Conclusion

Our current knowledge of the impact of practices on the biological quality of wine-growing soils has enabled us to identify certain more virtuous practices (grassing, reduced tillage, restitution of vine shoots) and others that are less so (tillage, phytosanitary treatments). Innovative technical itineraries can thus be built on the basis of this knowledge, while taking into account local specificities (soil typicity, climate, territory, production objectives). However, there are still a number of unknowns concerning certain practices (use of copper at 4 kg/ha/year, biocontrol, planting of vines, use of grape varieties resistant to various vine diseases, irrigation) which require further research. All these avenues of research show that there is still a long way to go before ecological approaches take their rightful place in today's viticulture, which is still very much tied to classical...