From consumer electronics to the electric mobility revolution
Li-Ion Batteries : a Key Component for Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energies

While the initial performance in terms of energy density (Wh · kg^–1) of the newborn Li-ion technology seemed, in 1991, interesting (around 80 Wh · kg^–1) compared to competing Ni-Cd (50 Wh · kg^–1) or Ni-MH (75 Wh · kg^–1), However, they are not decisive enough for them to be used in areas other than high value-added on-board electronics (consumer electronics or specific applications such as the military, etc.): military, etc.). In any case, at the time, their manufacturing cost was far too high (around $4,000-5,000 · kWh^–1) to consider other uses. For some twenty years, between 1991 and 2010, the Li-ion battery market remained essentially limited to portable electronic applications.

During this...