Anthropogenic risks in the European Union. Accidents, Security and Emerging threats

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of man-made disasters that threaten the security or safety of citizens within the European Union. It is the second article in a series aimed at assessing the threats facing European society and examining the political, scientific, and societal responses to them.

In a context where Europeans are increasingly confronted with emergencies and crises linked to disasters of various origins, it is becoming essential to approach the complexity of disaster risk management with a fresh perspective—both in terms of the political planning of this management and at the operational level, incorporating scientific and civic dimensions. The goal is to develop an approach that encompasses all stakeholders to enable better prevention, preparedness, and response to extreme events, and to provide the best possible support for reconstruction efforts, drawing on field experience and scientific advances developed at the international, national, and local levels. A holistic approach is necessary, despite the challenges it entails—particularly the multidisciplinary and intercultural aspects, the fragmentation of knowledge, its transfer to users (policymakers, managers, and first responders), its implementation, and citizen engagement.

This article examines lessons learned from the past and describes accidental threats such as those related to the disruption of critical infrastructure, industrial chemical accidents, nuclear and radiological accidents, and so-called “Natech” events. Human-induced threats also cover security-related aspects, notably terrorism and cyber threats. Finally, the article provides an overview of emerging risks, particularly those related to technological developments, the risks of armed conflict, and disinformation, and concludes with the challenges and prospects related to strengthening societal resilience, preparing for expected and unexpected risks, taking early action, and strategic foresight to improve anticipation. It should be noted at the outset that critical infrastructure, hazardous substances, and digital systems may be exposed to accidents, extreme natural events, and intentional acts alike. Anthropogenic risks should therefore no longer be considered in isolation but rather as a set of systemic, interconnected, and evolving threats.