Conclusion
Foodborne pathogens and foodborne illness outbreaks

The presence of foodborne pathogens and the occurrence of foodborne illness outbreaks (FBI) pose public health, economic, and environmental challenges. TIACs are defined as the occurrence of at least two cases with similar symptoms. They result from the ingestion of food or water contaminated with bacteria, mold, or viruses. They generally cause gastrointestinal symptoms but can also lead to miscarriages and deaths. In France, TIACs are closely monitored. Europe and France have implemented a number of legislative measures, such as the Hygiene Package, which aims to ensure that food does not pose a risk of causing diseases of microbial origin, for example. Despite this, foodborne illnesses persist, with an increasing number of foodborne illness outbreaks recorded in France between 1987 and 2023.

To ensure food safety, it is necessary to adopt a holistic “One Health”...