Conclusion
Gas bioconversion An opportunity for the ecological transition

The bioconversion of waste gases represents a paradigm shift in the management of carbon and energy flows: where conventional approaches see only byproducts to be disposed of, it introduces a cascade valorization approach, transforming CH ₄ , CO ₂ , CO, and H ₂ into proteins, biopolymers, fuels, and high-value-added molecules. The analysis presented in this article reveals that the scientific and technical foundations of this transformation are now firmly established: metabolic pathways have been characterized, barriers to gas-to-liquid transfer have been identified and partially overcome, and several processes have reached the industrial demonstration stage.

However, the potential of these technologies lies not in isolated processes,...