Examples
X-ray emission spectrometry. X-ray fluorescence

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is the method of choice for the analysis of ores and minerals, with samples placed in pellet or pearl form. For low-grade ores, pre-concentration, with prior dissolving, is sometimes necessary: this is notably the case for gold, which can be assayed for grades of less than 1 ppm [29]. The detection limit is 0.035 ppm for a 1 g sample.

Continuous analysis of sludge and pulp is possible [30][31].

X-ray spectrometry [30] can be used for automatic production control in cement plants, and the equipment required for the analysis can...