1. Problem position

Numerical simulation is an approach that has become indispensable in many scientific and industrial fields, thanks in particular to the computing power and storage capacity of today's computers. As a result, we are currently witnessing the development of studies into physical, chemical, biological, economic and medical phenomena, all of which have in common the fact that they are mathematically modeled on the basis of laws governing these various phenomena. The fields in which numerical simulation is used include automotive and aeronautical engineering, chemical engineering, fluid mechanics, process engineering, nuclear applications, plasma physics, meteorology, oceanography, molecular biology and many others.

The mathematical models obtained may require extremely complex numerical simulations. Solving the equations resulting from this modeling can be a major source...