1. Sampling

The main aim of mathematical statistics is to help make a judgment or a decision based on a sample of observations. This paragraph is devoted to the notion of sample and the empirical results associated with it.

1.1 Notion of sample

Consider a set of size N, called a population. We want to study the population with respect to a statistical characteristic X. If it is possible to survey all the elements of the population, the properties of X are perfectly known. Such a situation is rare, and the study of X will generally be based on partial data from X. The notion of sample formalizes the choice of these partial data.

A sample of the population is said to be of size n if it consists of n units, distinct...

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Sampling