2. Measurement techniques specific to atomization

Numerous techniques for measuring spray characteristics are commercially available. These cover both droplet size and velocity (impactors, Malvern granulometers, Phase Doppler anemometers, interferometric particle image velocimetry, etc.). They are therefore applicable to the droplet mist once formed, and specialized articles can be consulted in the literature. As for the atomization phenomenon itself, the transition from a continuous to a dispersed phase, conventional visualization techniques such as umbroscopy and direct photography, as well as velocity measurement techniques, are applicable with certain modifications when exit velocities are not too high, i.e. for the first atomization regimes. For very high Reynolds and Weber numbers, the area of interest is so small (a few millimeters), the details to be observed so fine (a few micrometers) and the velocities so high (several hundred...