4. Levers and obstacles to the successful development of urban logistics

The mobility of people has been a preoccupation of cities since the Renaissance in France, with the creation of the first public transport network in Paris in 1662. The first passenger mobility surveys carried out in the 1970s provided information on passenger flows in cities, and led to the creation of allocation models that were essential to the creation of efficient public transport networks tailored to needs. It wasn't until the 1990s, however, that technicians began to take an interest in goods traffic, because of the nuisance it seemed to cause by clogging up roadways. Since the 2010s, environmental pressures on European cities have intensified, putting this issue back on the public policy agenda and forcing local authorities to seek solutions for rethinking urban logistics in conurbations.

The diagram in figure