4. General conclusion – The future of HRD

Persistent employment imbalances have led to higher payroll taxes and labor costs, as well as a lasting imbalance in pensions.

European directives have brought with them a new set of legislative provisions that are set to change the face of economic competition even further. With the liberalization of trade, companies are under constant competitive pressure.

Paradoxically, companies are still seen by governments as the only place to create wealth and thus activity, as a place of stability and employment. Yet the company is caught between contradictory movements.

The development of "sustainable skills" management seems to run counter to the specialization sought by competitive pressures, a "lean, selective and fragmented" company