2. GAFA and NATU

2.1 Platform principles

Digital players enter into relationships with the Multitude via an application, increasingly used on a mobile terminal. GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon) and NATU (Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla and Uber, the 2nd generation platforms) rely on "historic" digital and energy infrastructures. The obsession of these players is to involve the user in their application in order to forge a strong relationship with them. The digital player who succeeds at this stage then seeks to extend his application into other fields by opening a platform with several "faces".

The principle behind two-sided or multi-sided platforms is to bring together producers and users (e.g. for car-sharing, a driver and a passenger), facilitate their exchanges and take...