1. Genesis of a new paradigm

For a long time, and in particular for most of the 20th century, innovation was an internal company process. In other words, a process in which an organization, or even an inventive individual, defines and implements innovation projects using its own resources.

This logic was based on the conviction that successful innovation can only be achieved by mastering the process internally: the company generates its own ideas or inventions, develops them into new products, offers them to the market, distributes and finances them, and also develops associated services.

This is essentially a vision of a large company, investing in a central in-house R&D laboratory which is asked to develop new technologies and apply them to the company's products or processes. It's a way of doing things that guarantees ownership of the intellectual property so...